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Documents matching: Global, Telecoms Infrastructure, Technical Reports

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• Technology - Infrastructure - Key Concepts

  The basic principles of analogue audio/video and digital communication systems are discussed. Modulation systems, data compression, radio frequency propagation and communications and software operation using the 7 layer OSI protocol stack and the 5 layer Internet protocol model are introduced. The trends in communication technologies and the importance of the Internet are discussed in order to provide a basis for understanding the many communication and computing technologies.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 6 May 2008
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  Number of Pages: 17

• Technology - Infrastructure - Last Mile 1 - Twisted Pair, POTS, ISDN

  The twisted pair copper cables of the Plain Old Telephone Service are also used for ISDN services and for Digital Subscriber Line technologies. We describe twisted-pair’s characteristics, POTS analogue phones, modems and Basic and Primary Rate ISDN. We also discuss the widely deployed pair-gain systems which extend the number of analogue services which can be carried over one pair, but which prevent the deployment of DSL and ISDN services.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 2 August 2006
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  Number of Pages: 10

• Technology - Infrastructure - Last Mile 2 - Fibre - FTTP, Passive Optical Networks

  Fibre to the Premises is the most advanced last-mile broadband technology, encompasses Fibre to the Home, Business and Building. We introduce the major standards organisations in this field and discuss the needs of customers and carriers. The PON architecture is described in detail, including its ability to carry a hundred or so RF analogue and digital video channels on a separate wavelength.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 22 July 2008
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  Number of Pages: 12

• Technology - Infrastructure - Last Mile 3 - Fibre - Metro Ethernet, GPON

  Synopsis

  We discuss the G9.83 APON, G.984 GPON and Metro Ethernet fibre network standards and Chinese proposals for extending 803.3ah Ethernet in the First Mile. We also discuss E-Line and E-LAN services, plastic and air-blown fibre, and carrier requirements for making large-scale fibre last-mile networks robust and able to be properly managed.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 2 August 2006
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  Number of Pages: 10

• Technology - Infrastructure - Last Mile 4 - ADSL Principles

  We discuss the principles ADSL and ADSL2, including frequency allocations, modulation schemes, line splitters, modems, DSLAMs (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexers) and ATM transport of data. We also discuss barriers to installation, including twisted pair line characteristics, pair-gain systems and RIMs/DLCs (Remote Integrated Multiplexers / Digital Loop Carriers).

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 2 August 2006
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  Number of Pages: 12

• Technology - Infrastructure - Last Mile 5 - ADSL & ADSL2 Technical Standards

  We discuss the G.992 technical standards, the original G.dmt, splitterless G.lite, ADSL2 technologies G.dmt.bis and G.lite.bis, Range Extended Annex L. We discuss ADSL2+ (G.992.5), bonded ADSL2+ and non-standard RADSL, ReachDSL and Etherloop. ADSL is compared with HFC, and the data rates of ADSL and VDSL technologies at different distances are compared.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 2 August 2006
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  Number of Pages: 10

• Technology - Infrastructure - Last Mile 6 - Symmetrical SHDSL, VoDSL

  The symmetrical data rates of BR-ISDN, HDSL, SDSL and most importantly SHDSL G.991.2 are of special importance for business customers. We discuss their technical characteristics, improved latency and their advantages over ADSL. Voice over Digital Subscriber Line (VoDSL) and the new Channelised VoDSLC are two different approaches to carrying multiple voice circuits over symmetrical and asymmetrical DSL services. We explain and compare these to see which situations each is most appropriate for.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 2 August 2006
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  Number of Pages: 13

• Technology - Infrastructure - Last Mile 7 - FTTC, VDSL Principles

  ‘Fibre to the Curb’ with VDSL2 is the highest performing broadband last-mile technology short of Fibre to the Premises (FttP). We introduce the technical principles of Very High Rate Digital Subscriber Line, the nature of the cables it works over and discuss some early standards, including IEEE 802.3ah’s Ethernet in the First Mile adoption of VDSL.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 2 August 2006
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  Number of Pages: 11

• Technology - Infrastructure - Last Mile 8 - FTTC, VDSL2 Technical Standards

  We discuss the frequency plans and technical details of the ITU’s promising new G993.2 VDSL2 standard. We discuss ADSL compatibility, Dynamic Spectrum Management and Packet Transfer Mode. Finally we consider the competition challenges of VDSL2 deployment, and the DSL forum’s proposal to use Ethernet rather than ATM transport for future ADSL systems.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 2 August 2006
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  Number of Pages: 13

• Technology - Infrastructure - Last Mile 9 - HFC - Principles, DOCSIS 1-x & 2-0

  Hybrid Fibre Coax cable systems with cable modems are a widely deployed, highly standardised, broadband access technology. We discuss HFC’s unique characteristics including upstream bandwidth limits and stringent maintenance requirements. The cable modem standards DOCSIS 1.0, 1.1, 2.0 are discussed in detail.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 2 August 2006
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  Number of Pages: 13

• Technology - Infrastructure - Last Mile 10 - HFC - DOCSIS 3-0, Switched Digital Video

  We discuss embedded eDOCSIS, EuroDOCSIS, IPCablecom / PacketCable, Cable Home, Open Cable and the long-awaited DOCSIS 3.0. We also discuss the HFC-specific techniques of Switched Digital Video, which together with DOCSIS 3.0 and shared QAM modulators will transform HFC systems into fully digital systems for data, telephony and video services. We also discuss node-splitting to improve upstream performance, and some alternative HFC technologies from Vyyo and Narad.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 2 August 2006
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  Number of Pages: 16

• Technology - Infrastructure - Last Mile 11 - Free Space Optical

  Free Space Optical laser links between buildings over short distances provide very high data rates at low costs relative to a fibre link. We discuss the FSO technologies, backup systems operating at 2.5, 5 and 60GHz, security, problems of rain, fog, sunshine, scintillation, eye safety and other practical considerations of siting optical equipment on the top of buildings and between buildings via windows.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 2 August 2006
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  Number of Pages: 11

• Technology - Infrastructure - Long Distance 1 - Fibre, WDM

  In this report, the optical characteristics of fibre, its dispersion and distortion mechanisms, both EDFA and Raman optical amplification, Wavelength Division Multiplexing of over 100 wavelengths and soliton transmission is discussed as well as semiconductor lasers – including tuneable monolithic devices – high-speed modulation and detector technologies and the differences between PDH and SDH systems.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 6 May 2008
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  Number of Pages: 16

• Technology - Infrastructure - Long Distance 2 - Fibre, Modulation, Amplification and 40Gbs

  This report discusses lasers, modulation techniques and the two major optical amplification techniques: and distributed Raman and Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifiers (EDFAs). Also discussed are the prospects for soliton transmission in WDM systems and the challenges 40Gb/s long-haul fibre links and how they can be overcome with Forward Error Correction (FEC) and a variety of sophisticated modulation techniques.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 6 May 2008
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  Number of Pages: 21

• Technology - Infrastructure - Long Distance 3 - SDH SONET OTN RPR GMPLS

  SDH/SONET and now OTN are the primary technologies for long-distance fibre links. This report also discusses digital cross-connects, Resilient Packet Rings, all-optical switching and Generalised Multiprotocol Label Switching, which enable the creation of large, flexible, WDM-based optical mesh networks.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 6 May 2008
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  Number of Pages: 18

• Technology - Infrastructure - Long Distance 4 - Microwave, Satellite

  Synopsis

  This report discusses latency, microwave propagation and the reliability and security of PDH and SDH terrestrial microwave links, and the microwave bands used on Earth and for satellite communications. The report describes geostationary and geosynchronous satellite systems, with special focus on direct broadcast and the Thuraya system. Also discussed are the LEO systems Iridium and Globalstar, the MEO ICO system and proposals to use Highly Elliptical Orbits for Western communications satellites.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 6 May 2008
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  Number of Pages: 12

• Technology - Infrastructure - Networks 1 - Network and Calls

  This report discusses the history and current ubiquitous deployment of circuit-switched telephone networks and the analogue POTS and digital ISDN telephone services they operate with. Telephone exchanges, PC- and router-based alternatives to exchanges, ISDN voice and data calls, echo cancellation and voice compression are also discussed.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 6 May 2008
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  Number of Pages: 9

• Technology - Infrastructure - Networks 2 - SS7 PABXs Centrex CTI Number Portability

  Signalling System 7 is the protocol by which most telephone exchanges communicate and set up calls. This report discusses SS7 and the older MFC/R2 signalling protocols, - ISDN and POTS calls, CLASS services, and Centrex PABX emulation across multiple sites, including with the Asterisk open-source server-based system. Also discussed are PABXs, ‘key systems’, Computer Telephony Integration (CTI) and Number Portability (NP).

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 6 May 2008
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  Number of Pages: 14

• Technology - Internet 1 - Overview

  TCP/IP is the only networking protocol which scales from LANs to a global network. We examine the Internet’s contemporary and future impact, its mobile applications, discovery and purchase of music, video and text, Quality of Service and the continuing drive for a single network capable of carrying all types of traffic. We also discuss the crisis in routing and addressing, and the problems caused by ‘botnets’ - millions of compromised computers - being used for criminal purposes.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 4 April 2007
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  Number of Pages: 20

• Technology - Internet 2 - TCP, UDP & SCTP

  We explain TCP/IP’s UDP send and forget ‘datagram’ packets and TCP error-corrected two-way ‘pipes’, each with their 65,536 ports per IP address. We discuss how the 4 billion IPv4 address range is divided into subnets for LANs and other purposes. We also explain Network Address Translation (NAT), the new SCTP protocol and the adoption of IPv6 together with the current IP version 4.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 14 May 2008
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  Number of Pages: 19

• Technology - Internet 3 - Web browsing, Routing & IPv6

  We explain the functions of the TCP and HTTP protocols by way of a web-browsing example. TCP is the basis of most higher level protocols, including FTP, SMTP (email) etc. We also discuss the routing system with a traceroute example. We discuss the adoption of IPv6, dual stack networks and benefits including the potential for Mobile IP and avoidance of Network Address Translation (NAT).

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 16 January 2007
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  Number of Pages: 14

• Technology - Internet 4 - The Domain Name System

  DNS converts from text names to numeric IP addresses, giving the Internet tremendous flexibility and robustness. The operation of primary, secondary and caching name servers is explained. Generic and country code top level domains are discussed. We provide a tutorial on registering a domain, choosing a hosting company and delegating the domain to the hosting company. Reverse address lookups from IP address to text names are explained.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 16 January 2007
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  Number of Pages: 12

• Technology - Internet 5 - Email

  Email has become the single most important application on the Internet. We examine the operation of mail servers, SMTP, POP3 and IMAP protocols. Email is an inherently insecure system which is threatened by spam and malicious messages which intend to compromise security. We examine cryptographic techniques and several approaches to mail filtering and spam reduction.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 16 January 2007
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  Number of Pages: 16

• Technology - Internet 6 - Applications and Protocols

  We discuss Telnet and FTP and their secure, encrypted replacements SSH, SCP and SFTP. We then discuss Usenet’s NTTP Network News Protocol, Internet Relay Chat (IRC) and commercial Instant Messenger systems. We describe and compare file and printer networking protocols NFS (Network File System) and the Microsoft-compatible SMB. Finally, we discuss peer-to-peer file sharing and anonymity networks, including Bittorrent and Tor.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 16 January 2007
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  Number of Pages: 13

• Technology - IP Routing & Addressing Crisis 1 - User Requirements

  We present an overview of the conflicts between different aspects of the Internet’s routing and addressing systems, including between the need for multihoming, route aggregation and efficient address utilisation. We discuss the exhaustion of IPv4 address space, the needs of end-users and of ISPs, constraints on possible solutions and the limitations of the BGP routing system, which lie at the heart of the crisis in routing and addressing.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 12 December 2007
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  Number of Pages: 13

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