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Documents matching: Global, Technical Reports

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• Technology - Audio-Visual Coding 1 - MPEG 1 and MP3

  We discuss MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 audio compression (coding) and major non-MPEG audio coding systems including Real Audio, Windows Media and Vorbis. A detailed explanation of the internal mechanism of MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer III) compression serves as a basis for understanding MP3pro and all other perceptual audio codecs, including Advanced Audio Coding (AAC).

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 14 February 2006
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  Number of Pages: 14

• Technology - Audio-Visual Coding 2 - MPEG 2 AAC and Video

  We discuss Advanced Audio Coding and how it improves on MP3. We explain enhancements to both AAC including Spectral Band Replication, Parametric Stereo and Scalable Lossless Coding. We discuss HILN parametric audio coding and voice compression algorithms including CELP. We also explain the process of MPEG-2 video compression, which is the basis of almost all digital television systems.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 14 February 2006
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  Number of Pages: 14

• Technology - Audio-Visual Coding 3 - MPEG 4 Video and VRML

  We explain how Advanced Video Coding (AVC/H.264) improves on MPEG-2 video compression. The MPEG-4 standards are of unprecedented scope, including animation, synthetic sound and video, VRML interactivity and Java. We introduce these technologies and discuss how they can be used together to provide services and communication systems far beyond the modes we are familiar with today. We also discuss the MPEG-7 metadata and MPEG-21 digital rights management standards.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 14 February 2006
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  Number of Pages: 12

• Technology - Broadband Power Line 1 - Architecture and Techniques

  Synopsis

  This report discusses the many variations in Low Voltage and Medium Voltage powerline architecture, including the ‘small transformer’ system used in North America and the ‘large transformer’ approach used in 230 volt countries. We discuss how the propagation, attenuation, interference and other characteristics of these networks result in a variety of architectures for access BPL networks.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 9 May 2007
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  Number of Pages: 14

• Technology - Broadband Power Line 2 - Standards and HomePlug PLC

  This report discusses the standards-setting activities of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and powerline communication industry associations. We provide detailed technical overviews of the widely HomePlug 1.0 in-home PLC system and its successor, HomePlug AV (Audio Visual) – on which the access technology HomePlug BPL will be based.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 9 May 2007
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  Number of Pages: 12

• Technology - Broadband Power Line 3 - OPERA, DS2 BPL and Co-Existence

  This report provides a detailed overview of the 2006 OPERA BPL standard, survey of powerline architectures, attenuation and noise and of the 2007 OPERA Phase 2 project and its field trials. We discuss the DS2 chipsets, practical data rates which can be expected for access BPL systems and for in-home PLC systems and PLC market requirements developed by the Universal Powerline Association.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 9 May 2007
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  Number of Pages: 12

• Technology - Broadband Power Line 4 - BPL Access Systems

  We survey the technical principles and performance of major BPL access systems from manufacturers including Motorola, Mitsubishi, Amperion and Current Technologies. We discuss BPL trials, including the actual performance of second generation Mitsubishi equipment, and commercial services including a 256kb/s rural BPL service and some multi-megabit/sec services in urban USA and Europe.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 9 May 2007
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  Number of Pages: 12

• Technology - Broadband Power Line 5 - Interference and Challenges

  After discussing the best known objection to BPL access services: interference, this report examines the better established alternative technologies which BPL typically competes with, particularly those technologies which might be more easily deployed by a power utility. Finally, we discuss the barriers which BPL access systems must overcome if they are to achieve the long awaited wide adoption and low costs.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 9 May 2007
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  Number of Pages: 13

• Technology - Data 1 - Introduction and Frame Relay

  Frame Relay predates ATM and is widely used for carrying a mixture of traffic types, including packet- and circuit-switched data, to customer sites and within WANs. This report discusses Frame Relay’s Quality of Service (QoS) with Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVC), Committed Information Rate (CIR) and Switched Virtual Circuits (SVC). Frame Relay’s generally higher efficiency than ATM is discussed in the context of the move towards MPLS and TCP/IP backbone networks.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 6 May 2008
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  Number of Pages: 9

• Technology - Data 2 - ATM

  This report discusses ATM’s technical characteristics including ATM’s provision of QoS and how it was intended to provide the basis for global networks carrying both packet and circuit-switched traffic for Internet, private networks, voice and video communications. The global adoption of TCP/IP and MPLS in favour of ATM is also discussed.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 6 May 2008
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  Number of Pages: 8

• Technology - Data 3 - Ethernet

  This report discusses the technology and cabling of Ethernet at data rates of 10Mb/s, 100Mb/s, 1Gb/s and 10Gb/s via Cat 5 copper cable and via fibre. Also discussed are the future 40 and 100GB/s Ethernet developments.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 6 May 2008
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  Number of Pages: 11

• Technology - Data 4 - LAN Principles

  This report reviews the history of Ethernet LAN architectures and provide a detailed description of Layer 2 Ethernet working with Layer 3 IP protocols to carry a complete communication session. Also discussed are routers and the lesser used LAN technologies, Token Ring, ATM, FDDI, Fibre Channel and InfiniBand.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 6 May 2008
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  Number of Pages: 9

• Technology - Digital Broadcasting 1 - Trends and Frequencies

  As a prelude to detailed discussion of the various digital broadcasting technologies, we review the propagation of radio waves, the established analogue broadcasting techniques and the resulting spectrum management arrangements in which digital broadcasting takes place. We summarise the key technical and commercial trends and principles we believe characterise the digitisation of broadcasting.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 14 February 2006
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  Number of Pages: 14

• Technology - Digital Broadcasting 2 - Television - DVB

  We discuss the distinctions between digital broadcasting for stationary video receivers, for mobile receivers and for small handheld devices. We then introduce some of the major parts of the DVB standards which are used in most countries for digital video broadcasting, including DVB-T and DVB-T2 and DVB-S.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 12 August 2008
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  Number of Pages: 19

• Technology - Digital Broadcasting 3 - Television - ATSC, ISDB and Middleware

  We discuss the Japanese ISDB and North American ATSC digital television broadcasting standards, which differs from the DVB used in most other countries. We consider technologies that affect broadcast television quality and usage, including real-time versus offline compression and personal video recorders. We also discuss DVB IP Datacasting and the MHEG and MHP middleware and transmission standards for digital television receivers.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 12 August 2008
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  Number of Pages: 14

• Technology - Digital Broadcasting 4 - Sound and Narrowband

  We discuss three types of digital broadcasting for sound and data applications. Firstly, the low data rate systems RDS and DirectBand. Then we explain the capabilities and limitations of Digital Radio Mondaile and the two USA-based In-Band-On-Channel HD Radio systems. Finally we discuss the major wideband audio broadcasting system, Eureka 147, and the satellite systems of WorldSpace, Sirius and XM.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 14 February 2006
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  Number of Pages: 11

• Technology - Digital Broadcasting 5 - Mobile TV

  Broadcasting real-time and stored for replay sound, video and multimedia material to small handheld devices such as cell phones is the ‘Holy Grail’ of both the telecommunications and broadcasting industries. We discuss the needs of such systems and the major approaches to achieving it: Eureka 147 T-DMB, DVB-H, ISDB-Tsb, Qualcomm’s promising MediaFLO and the broadcasting function of Mobile WiMAX. We also discuss the Japanese and South Korean MBSAT T-DMB broadcast system.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 26 April 2006
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  Number of Pages: 17

• Technology - Infrastructure - Key Concepts

  The basic principles of analogue audio/video and digital communication systems are discussed. Modulation systems, data compression, radio frequency propagation and communications and software operation using the 7 layer OSI protocol stack and the 5 layer Internet protocol model are introduced. The trends in communication technologies and the importance of the Internet are discussed in order to provide a basis for understanding the many communication and computing technologies.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 6 May 2008
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  Number of Pages: 17

• Technology - Infrastructure - Last Mile 1 - Twisted Pair, POTS, ISDN

  The twisted pair copper cables of the Plain Old Telephone Service are also used for ISDN services and for Digital Subscriber Line technologies. We describe twisted-pair’s characteristics, POTS analogue phones, modems and Basic and Primary Rate ISDN. We also discuss the widely deployed pair-gain systems which extend the number of analogue services which can be carried over one pair, but which prevent the deployment of DSL and ISDN services.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 2 August 2006
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  Number of Pages: 10

• Technology - Infrastructure - Last Mile 2 - Fibre - FTTP, Passive Optical Networks

  Fibre to the Premises is the most advanced last-mile broadband technology, encompasses Fibre to the Home, Business and Building. We introduce the major standards organisations in this field and discuss the needs of customers and carriers. The PON architecture is described in detail, including its ability to carry a hundred or so RF analogue and digital video channels on a separate wavelength.

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  Last Updated: Tuesday, 22 July 2008
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  Number of Pages: 12

• Technology - Infrastructure - Last Mile 3 - Fibre - Metro Ethernet, GPON

  Synopsis

  We discuss the G9.83 APON, G.984 GPON and Metro Ethernet fibre network standards and Chinese proposals for extending 803.3ah Ethernet in the First Mile. We also discuss E-Line and E-LAN services, plastic and air-blown fibre, and carrier requirements for making large-scale fibre last-mile networks robust and able to be properly managed.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 2 August 2006
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  Number of Pages: 10

• Technology - Infrastructure - Last Mile 4 - ADSL Principles

  We discuss the principles ADSL and ADSL2, including frequency allocations, modulation schemes, line splitters, modems, DSLAMs (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexers) and ATM transport of data. We also discuss barriers to installation, including twisted pair line characteristics, pair-gain systems and RIMs/DLCs (Remote Integrated Multiplexers / Digital Loop Carriers).

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 2 August 2006
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  Number of Pages: 12

• Technology - Infrastructure - Last Mile 5 - ADSL & ADSL2 Technical Standards

  We discuss the G.992 technical standards, the original G.dmt, splitterless G.lite, ADSL2 technologies G.dmt.bis and G.lite.bis, Range Extended Annex L. We discuss ADSL2+ (G.992.5), bonded ADSL2+ and non-standard RADSL, ReachDSL and Etherloop. ADSL is compared with HFC, and the data rates of ADSL and VDSL technologies at different distances are compared.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 2 August 2006
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  Number of Pages: 10

• Technology - Infrastructure - Last Mile 6 - Symmetrical SHDSL, VoDSL

  The symmetrical data rates of BR-ISDN, HDSL, SDSL and most importantly SHDSL G.991.2 are of special importance for business customers. We discuss their technical characteristics, improved latency and their advantages over ADSL. Voice over Digital Subscriber Line (VoDSL) and the new Channelised VoDSLC are two different approaches to carrying multiple voice circuits over symmetrical and asymmetrical DSL services. We explain and compare these to see which situations each is most appropriate for.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 2 August 2006
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  Number of Pages: 13

• Technology - Infrastructure - Last Mile 7 - FTTC, VDSL Principles

  ‘Fibre to the Curb’ with VDSL2 is the highest performing broadband last-mile technology short of Fibre to the Premises (FttP). We introduce the technical principles of Very High Rate Digital Subscriber Line, the nature of the cables it works over and discuss some early standards, including IEEE 802.3ah’s Ethernet in the First Mile adoption of VDSL.

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  Last Updated: Wednesday, 2 August 2006
  Archived: No
  Number of Pages: 11

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