Technology - Infrastructure - Long Distance 1 - Fibre, WDM

Synopsis

In this report, the optical characteristics of fibre, its dispersion and distortion mechanisms, both EDFA and Raman optical amplification, Wavelength Division Multiplexing of over 100 wavelengths and soliton transmission is discussed as well as semiconductor lasers – including tuneable monolithic devices – high-speed modulation and detector technologies and the differences between PDH and SDH systems.

Table of Contents

• 1. Synopsis
  
• 2. Historical perspective
  
• 3. Optical fibre links
  
  • 3.1 Multi-mode and single-mode fibres
    
  • 3.2 Long distance fibre communications
    
  • 3.3 Regenerators versus optical amplification
    
  • 3.4 Technical standards
    
  • 3.5 PDH fibre-optic links
    
  • 3.6 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
    
  • 3.7 Channel spacing and numbers
    
• 4. Fibres, attenuation, dispersion and distortion
  
  • 4.1 Ideal fibre
    
  • 4.2 S, C and L bands
    
  • 4.3 Chromatic dispersion
    
    • 4.3.1 Dispersion compensation
      
    • 4.3.2 Dispersion slope
      
    • 4.3.3 Fibre-Bragg gratings
      
  • 4.4 Polarisation Mode Dispersion (PMD)
    
    • 4.4.1 Second order PMD
      
    • 4.4.2 Correcting for PMD
      
    • 4.4.3 Polarisation multiplexing (PolMux)
      
    • 4.4.4 Other problems of polarisation rotation
      
  • 4.5 Non-linear distortion
    
    • 4.5.1 Four Wave Mixing (FWM)
      
    • 4.5.2 Minimising Four Wave Mixing
      
    • 4.5.3 Phase Modulation
      
  • 4.6 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
    
  • 4.7 Raman scattering
    
• 5. Related reports
  

• Exhibit 1 – Long distance fibre communication wavelength bands